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All content is free to access. The internet allows users around the world to share information with one another instantaneously, and members of global organizations can meet in virtual teams. Beyond technology, demographic changes are transforming our society. Countries such as the United States are in some ways microcosms of the global village, in that immigration has made society more multicultural and multiethnic than ever before see Figure 2.
In this chapter, we explore how interpersonal communication operates in a networked world where members of different cul- tures interact. We also need to explain how intercul- tural and interpersonal dimensions interact. For our pur- Share of Total Immigrant Population. Immigrant Population by World Region of least in some cases. Social scientists use the label in-groups to describe groups with whom we identify and out-groups to describe those we view as Media Clip different Caughron et al.
With Members of co-cultures develop that relationship ended, he makes a month com- unique patterns of communication and mitment to follow the traditional practice of Indian connection. Deaf culture is a good ex- matchmaking. His parents are involved every offers a shared language. There are Deaf step of the way, making suggestions, offering pep schools, Deaf competitions e.
Deaf America , Deaf performing arts in- In his search for a soulmate, Ravi struggles to cluding Deaf comedians , and other orga- embrace his heritage while living as a millennial in nizations that bring Deaf people together. His journey is made more bear- Of course, the connection experienced able thanks to a healthy sense of humor, familial love, by members of this co-culture can create and mutual respect.
Regional co-cultures also have distinctive communication patterns. And true to an enduring stereotype, people from New York City are typi- cally more assertive than those from the Upper Midwest Sigler et al. Membership in co-cultures can be a source of enrichment and pride. On one hand, they wanted to share cultural insights with white students, but they were reluctant to call attention to themselves. In addition, members of some co-cultural groups face exclusion and dis- crimination related to this identity.
For instance, Patrice Buzzanell describes how members of underrepresented groups are disadvantaged in em- ployment interviews, where the rules are established by the dominant culture. In other cases, co-cultures voluntarily embrace the chance to distinguish themselves from society at large—such as teens creating slang that only their in-group understands.
As you read this chapter, you will notice that many of the communication challenges that arise between members of different cultures also operate when people from different co-cultures interact. What intercultural encounters as the process that occurs when members of two or more cultures or co- do you experience? What cultures exchange messages in a manner that is influenced by their differ- challenges and rewards have such encounters ent cultural perceptions and symbol systems, both verbal and nonverbal provided?
Samovar et al. Because all of us belong to many groups e. First, even in an increas- ingly diverse world, there are still plenty of relationships in which people share a basic common background.
Within co-cultural groups such as Irish marchers in a St. Second, even when people with different cultural backgrounds communicate, those differences may not be impor- tant. David may be a Jewish American whose ancestors came from East- ern Europe, whereas Lisa is a third-generation Japanese American whose parents are practicing Christians.
Yet they could create a life together that transcends their differences and that leaves them able to deal comfortably with those differences when they do arise. A traveler visiting a new country for the first time with little knowledge of local society is an obvious example. A student from Los Angeles who attends a small liberal arts college in the Midwest might find life there somewhat different, but the adjust- ment would be far less difficult than that for the international traveler.
In between these extremes falls a whole range of encounters in which culture plays varying roles. The cultural backgrounds, perceptions, and symbol systems of the participants must have a significant impact on the exchange before we can say that culture has made a difference. Social scientists use the term salience to describe how much weight we attach to a particular person or phenomenon.
Consider a few examples where culture has little or no salience:. Only when cultural factors become salient diet, sharing, or parental discipline, for example do the children begin to think of one another as different. Away from their games, however, they might notice some fundamen- tal differences in the way members of each group communicate.
Most of the time their religious heritage makes little difference, and the partners view themselves as a unified couple. At those times we can imagine the partners feeling quite different from each other, thinking of themselves as members of separate cultures.
William Gudykunst suggests that we can model inter- personal and intercultural factors on a two-by-two matrix Figure 2. This model shows that some interpersonal transactions e. Other encounters such as a trav- eler from Senegal trying to get directions from a Ukrainian taxi driver in New York City are almost exclusively intercultural, without the personal dimensions that we have discussed throughout this book.
Still other exchanges—the most interesting ones for our purposes— contain elements of both intercultural and interpersonal communication. This range of encounters is broad in the global village: business people from different backgrounds try to wrap up a deal; health care educators seek effective ways to serve patients from around the world; neighbors from different racial or ethnic backgrounds look for ways to make their streets safer and cleaner; suburban-bred teachers seek common ground with inner-city students—the list seems almost endless.
HIGH Parent and child Spouses from different cultural discuss their changing backgrounds develop relationship. Over time, able-bodied and disabled fellow employees develop ways to work effectively together. Moreover, there are sometimes greater differences within cultures than between them Kirkman et al.
Low High Consider the matter of formality as an example: By most measures, U. Furthermore, within every culture, members dis- Adapted from Trompenaars, play a wide range of communication styles. For instance, al- though most Asian cultures tend to be collectivistic, some members of those cultures might identify themselves as individualists. In this section, we look at five of these subtle yet important factors. Unless communicators are aware of these dif- ferences, they may see people from other cultures as unusual—or even offensive.
As you think about the cultural values and norms described here, you may realize that they are not necessarily differences by nationality. A high-context culture relies heavily on subtle, often nonverbal cues to maintain social har- mony.
High-context communicators pay close attention to nonverbal behaviors, the history of relationships, and social rules that govern inter- actions. By contrast, a low-context culture uses language primarily to ex- press thoughts, feelings, and ideas as directly as possible. To low-context communicators, the meaning of a statement lies in the words spoken.
How most important Contextual cues such as time, place, Explicit verbal messages, with less information is carried relationship, and situation focus on the situational context. Table 2. Mainstream cultures in the United States, Canada, and Northern Europe fall toward the low-context end of the scale. By contrast, most Asian and Middle Eastern mainstream cultures fit the high-context pat- tern and can be offended by the bluntness of low-context communication styles Yum, One study of online discussions showed that in India a high-context culture , people use more emoticons and dis- close less private information than in Germany a low-context culture; Pflug, Another study found that in China a high-context culture , people favor nonverbal over verbal expressions of appreciation, whereas in the United States a low-context culture , people use these types of expressions about evenly Bello et al.
Other research has found that low-context communicators use more competitive and dominating conflict styles, whereas high-context people are more obliging and accom- modating Croucher et al. For example, those from low-context countries invite more contact and contain more relationship-related con- tent than websites from high-context countries. Indi- vidualistic cultures also are characterized by self-reliance and competi- tion, whereas members of a collectivistic culture are more attentive to and concerned with the opinions of others.
Scholars regard individualism— collectivism as the most fundamental dimension of cultural differences Nguyen et al. Members of individualistic cultures tend to view themselves in terms of what they do, whereas people in collectivistic cultures are more likely to define themselves in terms of group membership. The difference between individualistic and collectivistic cultures also shows up in the level of comfort or anxiety communicators feel. In so- cieties where the need to conform is great, there is a higher degree of.
Care for self and immediate family Care philosophy Care for extended family before self before others. Many flexible group memberships; Emphasis on belonging to a very few Group membership friendships based on shared interests permanent in-groups, which have a and activities strong influence. Contribution to group goals and Individual achievement and initiative; What is rewarded well-being; cooperation with in-group individual decision making members; group decision making.
Credit and blame Individually assigned Shared by the group assignment. For example, as a group, residents of China, Korea, and Japan ex- hibit a significantly higher degree of anxiety about speaking out in public than do members of indi- vidualistic cultures such as the United States and Australia Berry, In fact, just the opposite is true: In these societies, restraint is highly valued.
Whereas the townsfolk value working ing attention your way. AE parents, who value individualism, nonconformist thought and action. These commu- spectrum? For the collectivist, the goal is to raise children as respectful members of society—and honoring an uncle is mandatory, not optional.
For the individualist, the objective is for children to gain autonomy and independence—and an uncle should understand if a child chooses not to say hello. Declaration of Independence, is so fundamental that most members of democratic societies accept it without question. However, not all cultures share this belief. Some operate on the assumption that certain groups of people an aristocracy or an economic class, for example and some institutions such as a church or the government have the right to control the lives of individuals.
Geert Hofstede , coined the term power distance to describe the degree to which members of a society accept an unequal distribution of power. Cultures with low power distance believe in minimizing distinctions between various social classes.
Rich and poor, educated and uneducated groups may still exist, but in low-power-difference cultures there is a per- vasive belief that one person is as valuable as another. Low-power-distance cultures also support the notion that challenging authority is acceptable— even desirable. Austria, Denmark, Israel, and New Zealand proved to be the most egalitarian countries. Children who are raised in cultures with high power distance are expected to obey their parents and other author- ity figures to a degree that might astonish most children raised in the United States or Canada.
Power automatically comes with age in many countries. For example, the Korean language has separate terms for older brother, oldest brother, younger sister, youngest sister, and so on. On-the-job communication is different in low- and high-power- distance societies Zerfass et al. In countries with higher de- grees of power distance, employees have much less input into the way they perform their work.
In fact, workers from these cultures are likely to feel apprehensive when given freedom to make their own decisions Madlock, or when a more egalitarian boss asks for their opinion. The reverse is true when management from a culture with an egalitar- ian tradition tries to do business in a country whose workers are used to high power distance.
They may regard dutiful, submissive, respectful employees as lacking initiative and creativity—traits that helped them gain promotions back home. That said, cultures have different ways of coping with an unpre- dictable future.
Hofstede uses the term uncertainty avoidance to reflect the levels of discomfort or threat people feel in response to ambigu- ous situations and how much they try to avoid them.
He developed an uncertainty avoidance index UAI to measure these levels. People in these cultures are especially concerned with security, so they have a strong need for clearly defined rules and regulations. When a North American who is relatively comfortable with change and novelty spends time with someone from a high UAI culture such as Japan, both communicators may find the other behaving in disconcert- ing ways.
The North American may view the Japanese person as rigid and overly controlled, whereas the Japanese person may regard the North American as undisciplined and overly tolerant. On the other hand, if the communicators understand how their cultural conditioning affects their style, they are more likely to understand, and maybe even learn from, the styles of others. By contrast, a nurturing culture regards the support of relationships as an especially important goal. People from achievement versus nurturing cultures voice their opin- ions in significantly different ways Hofstede, ; van den Bos et al.
In achievement cultures e. By contrast, in nurturing cultures e. Where do you come from? Your sexual orientation? Your age? Your socioeconomic status? These have become increasingly im- portant factors in interpersonal communication in contemporary society.
In the following pages, we look at some—although by no means all— of the factors that help shape our cultural identity and hence the ways we perceive and communicate with others. But as modern scientists explain, race has no biological basis Berbrier, One analyst puts it this way: There is less to race than meets the eye.
The genes influencing skin color have nothing to do with the genes influencing hair form, eye shape, blood type, musical talent, athletic ability or forms of in- telligence.
Race has little use in explaining individual differences. For instance, some people with Asian ancestry are short, but others Media Clip are tall. Some have sunny dispositions, while others are more stern.
Some are ter- rific athletes, while others are much less so. The same applies to people from every background. As you will read in Chapter 4, stereotyping is usually a mistake—and yet racial stereotyping occurs frequently. Ethnicity refers to the degree to which a person identifies with a particular group, usually on the basis of nationality, cul- ture, or some other unifying perspective Samovar et al. For example, Irish Protestants and Catholics identify them- selves as ethnically distinct from one an- other.
Bow and Dre Johnson are successful profession- It is simplistic to think of people as als living in an upscale suburb with their four chil- members of a single category. This is true dren. As the title black-ish suggests, Dre Anthony for everyone, but consider former U. Obama expe- co-cultures that are different from the ones in which rienced a variety of cultures while living in they were raised.
Recog- ling tough communication topics. Consider someone like than culture. In an article describ- The implication, Greenwood says, is that a legitimate family is either one color or another. She hears comments such as these nearly every day. Some Think of a derogatory term for a particular group research suggests multiple-group members are of people. Now think of another label for a differ- also more comfortable establishing relation- ent group.
Then one more for a third. You might ships with a diverse array of people, which in- feel guilty that these words came to mind so creases their options for friendships, romantic quickly. He also believed he was missing an oppor- that, over time, creates a climate of hostility toward tunity to dispel some of the fear and prejudice people who are homosexual Woodford et al.
Communication re- fully visible. The truth is that slurs and de- gender identity or sexual orientation can some- rogatory labels say more about those who use them times be challenging, but a supportive com- than about the people being disparaged. Consider the workplace: labels, slurs, and epithets. These expressions can be affirming when the information is well received. On one hand, being open about gender identity has advantages— including a sense of being authentic with others and belonging to a sup- portive co-culture.
On the other hand, the disclosure can sometimes be risky. People may be shocked or judgmental. On average, one in five hate crimes in the United States targets people on the basis of their sexual orientation Federal Bureau of Investigation, For more about bullying and its antidotes, see Chapter Websites like ItGetsBetter.
Since the It Gets Better Project launched in , people have posted more than 50, videos, which have been viewed more than 50 million times. Cofounder Dan Savage says it shows what can happen when communication technology and good intentions combine Barth, We tend to think of getting older as a purely biological process. But age-related com- munication reflects culture at least as much as biology. Changing cultural assumptions shape relationships between older and younger people.
At some points in history, older adults have been regarded as wise, accomplished, and even possessing magical powers Fitch, On balance, people over age 40 are still twice as likely as younger ones to be depicted in the media as unattractive, bored, and in de- clining health Bailey, And people over age 60, especially women, are still underrepresented in the media. However, the data present a differ- ent story. Unfavorable attitudes about aging can show up in interpersonal rela- tionships.
People who believe older adults have trouble com- municating are less likely to interact with them. Even when these speech styles are well intentioned, they can have harmful ef- fects.
And challenging ageist treatment presents seniors with a di- lemma: Speaking up can be taken as a sign of being cranky or bitter, reinforcing the stereotype that those seniors are curmud- geons Harwood, Communication challenges can arise when members of different generations work together. For example, one study showed that millennials tend to have less desire to make social connections at work than previous generations Twenge et al.
Such differences can cause intergenerational difficulties within team-based organizations. Because of their strong desire for achievement, they want clear guidance on how to do a job correctly—but not to be micromanaged when they do it. After finishing the task, they have an equally strong desire for praise. To a baby-boomer boss, that type of guidance and feedback may feel more like a nuisance.
Neither perspective is wrong. But when mem- bers of these co-cultures have different expectations, miscom- munication can occur. One is assimilation— success. How can communica- adapting and conforming to the dominant nondisabled group. This in- tion with differently abled others enrich your life? It can also include educating others about disabilities and actively dispelling misperceptions.
Some of the study participants were more com- fortable with accommodation, others with assimilation. But none of them wanted to be defined by their disabilities. John Altmann underscores this point by explaining the frus- tration of being identified only by his disability.
The experience he de- scribes took place when a motivational speaker addressed a group of high school students: The speaker was charismatic, exhibited a warm, jovial disposition and a wonderful sense of humor. I was smiling and laughing with the rest of the group. The friend who I sat with at the assembly got it. We wanted to be more than our disabilities, to overcome them and forge an identity apart from them.
Many people with disabilities find that belonging to a community of similar people can be rewarding. Deaf culture is a good example: There are Deaf schools, Deaf competitions e. Solomon, , pp. People in the United States typically identify themselves as belonging to the working, middle, or upper class, and they feel a sense of solidarity with people in the same social stratum Lucas, Social upbringing can have an effect on communication style. They The effects of social class continue into the workplace, where skills face the challenge of navigat- such as assertiveness and persuasiveness are career enhancers.
People who ing two worlds: their culture of origin and the world of higher come from working-class families and attain middle- or upper-class ca- education.
Have you ever ex- reers face special challenges. They may have to adopt new verbal and non- perienced life in an unfamiliar verbal behaviors to gain acceptance Kaufman, Many also must socioeconomic co-culture? Because no one in their family has attended college, FGC students often cope with an unfamiliar school environment by making an effort to assimilate—going out of their way to fit in on campus. In addition, some FGC students say they overcompensate by studying harder and getting more involved on campus than their non-FGC classmates, just to prove they belong in the college culture.
At home, FGC students also engage in self-censorship but for differ- ent reasons. They are cautious when talking about college life for fear of threatening and alienating their families. These challenges become even greater when the communicators use different verbal and nonverbal communication systems. In the following sec- tions, we outline some of those factors.
Language and Identity If you live in a culture where everyone speaks the same language, you may not notice how it affects your view of yourself and others. But what hap- pens when some members of a society speak a dominant language while others speak a minority one?
Speakers of a nondominant language can feel pressured to assimilate, or they can decide not to speak in the majority language Gann, The impact of language on the self-concept is powerful Bergman et al.
Even the names a culture uses to identify its members reflect its values and shape the way its members relate to one another. When asked to iden- tify themselves, individualistic Americans, Canadians, Australians, and Europeans are most likely to respond by giving their first name, surname, street, town, and country—in that order.
Many Asians respond the other way around Smith, Verbal Communication Styles Using language is more than just a matter of choosing a particular group of words to convey an idea. Each language has its own unique style that distinguishes it from others.
Matters such as the amount of formality or. Organiza- online? Not all the rules and values of an organization are written down. Perhaps the workday of- among team members?
That says performance? On the other hand, a boss who talks about customer service but violates those principles may Research suggests that communication—even cultivate a culture of cynicism and dissatisfaction.
At a personal and organiza- fit for you. Notice the importance of communica- tional level, effective, consistent, value-based com- tion in each case. When a communicator tries to use the verbal style associated with one culture in a different one, problems are likely to arise. Gudykunst describes three important types of cultural differ- ences in verbal style: 1.
Direct versus indirect. Elaborate versus succinct. For instance, speakers of Arabic commonly use language that is much more rich and expressive than normally found in English. Strong assertions and exaggerations that would sound outlandish in English are a common feature of Arabic. This contrast in linguistic style can lead to misunderstandings between people from different backgrounds. Succinctness is most extreme in cultures where silence is valued.
Formal versus informal. One guidebook for British readers who want to understand how Americans communicate describes the openness and informality that characterizes U. This does not necessarily mean he will remember your name the next day. Faul, , p.
The informal approach that characterizes communication in countries such as the United States is quite different from the great concern for propriety in many parts of Asia and Africa. Verbal codes also operate closer to home, where people from different regions, socioeco- nomic backgrounds, generations, and ethnic groups have distinct ways of speaking. Consider how people could likely make ac- curate guesses about the co-culture s in which you were raised just by listening to you talk.
Code-switching is a form of communication competence that increases the chances of achiev- The TV series Orange Is the ing your goals. One American expat living in Ireland offered an amusing New Black follows Piper Chap- account of how switching codes to sound more like a native helped save man Taylor Schilling , whose privileged life changes when she money Thompson, : is sentenced to a term in federal prison. Piper has to adapt to We noticed there were often two prices for goods and services— the culture of prison—including reasonable prices for the locals and much more expensive costs for its raw language codes—to others Americans.
It was not easy, but I practiced my Irish accent until survive. Code-switching is a far more serious matter for members of some co-cultures. So the clipped words, slang and biting humor we use with friends becomes smoothed out.
We take on a style that our white peers find safe and nonthreatening. Think of it as a type of bilingual ability. And when she was comfortable with people who appreciated her heritage, she could settle into the manner of speaking she learned while growing up.
The gov- cation researcher Mariko Kotani finds that culture erning code is to apologize profusely, then move on. The tongues to learn more about their speech codes. Explain until you get absolved. Are it might be said several times. Its primary meaning explanations helpful or not? Offering explanations cultures may perceive their well-intentioned words. Kotani, M. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 45, — For instance, people of all cultures convey messages through facial expressions and gestures.
Furthermore, some of these physical displays have the same meaning everywhere. Crying is a universal sign of unhappiness or pain, and smiles signal friendly inten- tions. Of course, smiles and tears may be insincere and manipulative, but their overt meanings are similar and constant in every culture.
Despite nonverbal similarities, the range of differences in nonverbal behavior is tremendous. Less obvious cross-cultural differences can damage relationships with- out the communicators ever recognizing exactly what has gone wrong Beaulieu, For example, Anglo-Saxons use the largest zone of personal space, followed by Asians. The Middle Easterner might keep moving forward to close the gap, while the North American would back away.
Both would probably feel uncomfortable. Like distance, patterns of eye contact vary around the world. In either case, deviations from the norm are likely to make a culturally uneducated listener uncomfortable. In the rest of this chapter, we focus on answering this question. To a great degree, interacting successfully with people from different cultures calls for the same ingredients of general communicative compe- tence outlined in Chapter 1.
A genuine concern for others plays an impor- tant role. Cognitive complexity and the ability to empathize also help, although empathizing with someone from another culture can be chal- lenging Cassels et al.
Finally, self-monitoring is important because the need to make mid-course corrections in your approach is often neces- sary when dealing with people from other cultures. Imagine yourself interacting with people from a wide variety of cultural groups, not just one or two. I am conscious of the cultural knowledge I use when interacting with people with different cultural backgrounds. I adjust my cultural knowledge as I interact with people from a culture that is unfamiliar to me.
I check the accuracy of my cultural knowledge as I interact with people from different cultures. I am confident that I can socialize with locals in a culture that is unfamiliar to me. I change my verbal behavior e. Adapted from Ang, S. Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Management and Organization Review, 3, — Some other ways of thinking described here are essential when dealing with people from other backgrounds Samovar et al.
When we encounter communicators from different cultures, the level of uncertainty is especially high. Consider the basic challenge of communicating in an unfamiliar language.
Pico Iyer , pp. But later I looked up suki and found that I had delivered an almost naked protestation of love. Meanwhile, of course, nearly all her shadings were lost to me. Competent intercultural communicators accept—even welcome—this kind of ambiguity.
Iyer , pp. Without a tolerance for ambiguity, the mass of often confusing and sometimes downright incomprehensible messages that bombard intercul- tural sojourners would be impossible to manage. Some people seem to come equipped with this sort of tolerance, while others have to cultivate it. One way or the other, that ability to live with uncertainty is an essential in- gredient of intercultural communication competence Gudykunst, An ethno- centric person thinks—either privately or openly—that anyone who does not belong to his or her in-group is somehow strange, wrong, or even in- ferior.
See the Watch and Discuss feature in this section for an example. Travel writer Rick Steves n. People in some cultures blow their nose right onto the street. Few things will open your mind to a foreign culture more than learn- ing its language Mafela, Ethnocentrism leads to an attitude of prejudice—an unfairly biased and intolerant attitude toward others who belong to an out-group.
Stereotypical prejudices include the obvious exaggera- tions that all women are emotional, all men are sex-crazed and insensitive goons, all older people are out of touch with reality, and all immigrants are welfare parasites. Stereotyping can even be a risk when it comes to knowledge of cultural characteristics such as individualism or collectivism.
Not all members of a group are equally individualistic or collectivistic. For example, a close look at Americans of European and Latin descent showed differences within each group Oetzel, Some Latinos were more independent than some European Americans, and vice versa. Open- mindedness is especially important in intercultural work teams Matveev, We have more to say about stereotyping in Chapter 4.
Communicators need to possess enough knowledge of other cultures to know what approaches are appropriate. How can a communicator acquire the culture-specific information that leads to competence? Communicators who lack this quality blunder through intercultural encounters mindlessly, oblivious of how their own behavior may confuse or offend others, and how behavior that they consider weird may be simply different. To top it off, you may feel disappointed in yourself for not adapting as. Gina myself.
Society takes care of those who are weak. But that ers, while an American came away with this change: relationship is deeper. Barker, G. Cross-cultural perspectives on intercultural communication competence. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 45, 13— This stage—which typically feels like a crisis—has acquired the labels culture shock or adjustment shock. When Lynn Chih-Ning Chang came to the United States from Taiwan for graduate school, she cried every day on the way home from class.
All her life, she had been taught that it was respectful and ladylike to sit quietly and listen, so she was shocked that American students spoke aloud without raising their hands, interrupted each other, addressed the teacher by first name, and ate food in the classroom.
Communication theorist Young Yum Kim has studied cultural adaptation extensively. Kim encourages sojourners to regard stress as a good sign. It means they have the potential to adapt and grow. Chang, the Taiwanese student adapting to life in America, learned this firsthand. At first, she says, she was reluctant to approach American students and they were re- luctant to approach her.
Gradually, she got up the courage to initiate con- versations, and she found that her classmates were friendly and receptive.
Eventually, she made friends, began to fit in, and successfully completed her degree. Instead, people tend to take two steps forward and one step back and to repeat that pattern many times. Above all, she says, if people are patient and they keep trying, the rewards are worth it.
In a diverse society, in- Objective 2. The growing diversity of American culture at home Q: What are the most salient intercultural dif- and the increased exposure to people from around ferences you are likely to encounter in your the world make an understanding of intercultural interpersonal relationships?
Objective 2. When members of different cultures interact, their values can affect interaction in ways that may be Objective 2. Verbal codes include language spoken Q: What key values characterize the culture in and the worldview created by it, as well as verbal which you communicate most comfortably? Nonverbal codes also differ significantly, as do the attributions that cultural Q: What communication challenges arise when conditioning generates.
Q: Describe a set of cultural values, norms, and codes different from yours that could result in different cultural communication Objective 2. Q: What co-cultures do you belong to, and Q: Explain how you can apply the guidelines what rules govern communication within these for intercultural competence in this chapter groups? We support and encourage athletes trying a sport for the first time who wish to have a great experience and try something new. Here are the March 13 numbers on Coronavirus:-Worldwide confirmed cases now at , up ten thousand from yesterday -Western numbers are starting to go in RE Class Schedules.
Individuals meet daily, including Saturdays, at p. Practices and games will be made up if cancelled due to weather conditions. CYO Cancelled for Proceeds help support our seminarians' education. Ocean Breeze Athletic Complex. First Communion Preparation. Hawken Upper School. The Liturgy is offered to children ages during the first part of the Mass. Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament. Program Duration: Aug 9, - Oct 16, West Hills Christian School is one of Portland's leading Christian schools offering a full kindergarten through eighth grade academic program.
They also, unfortunately, cancelled the 4th-8th grade season as Spring will conflict with the volleyball and track seasons for those grades. Faustina, who was inspired to have a painting made that is now known as the Image of the Divine Mercy. Priority to 1 parish members 2 returning players and siblings 3 new players on a first come first serve basis. She is the only…The Sept. Planned XC Meet dates are 9. On January 12, , am EST. Bereavement Ministry. Captain Saad has 18 years of experience.
Baptizing Your Child. Ann Parish, we are blessed to have a Blessed Sacrament Chapel where people can visit at any time. Despite Fall CYO being cancelled, there's still a great opportunity to support the kids and our program. Local parishes may also be able to intervene to access help. Wed, Sep 1. Memberships and rates can be found here.
Michael the Archangel, defend us in battle, be our safeguard against the wickedness and snares of the devil, may God rebuke him, we humbly pray and do thou, O Prince of the Heavenly Host, by the power of God, cast into hell Satan and the other evil spirits who prowl the world for the ruin of souls.
West Jefferson - cancelled. N JO The CTK CYO leadership team is going to continue to look into potential options in for The sad reality is that immigrants are common targets for exploitation. Augustine Jason Pierre, 15 pts def. Merion Mercy Academy. Participation by youth in Youth Ministry grade 9 is expected. We can't wait to return to in-person rehearsing and performing in the Fall!
Our audition deadline has been extended to July 15th. The St Catharines Catholic Youth Organization CYO Basketball Association is committed to providing boys and girls in our community with the positive and enjoyable experience of learning and competing in the great sport of basketball.
Hilary CYO Volleyball. If interested, please complete the form below. September 2, No Comments. Jaap van Zweden Conductor. The ABL start date has been set tentatively but barring late hitches, the league should commence as planned with 10 teams including CYO battling for the title in an albeit different format.
Per Adult, Per Day. Given that Monday the 25th is a holiday, the earliest return to school date is now Tuesday May 26th. We will hold a practice tomorrow night from 6 to at Elwell. Virtual Track Season Tentatively — May 8 — June 5 Certain sports may be delayed or cancelled according to current state regulations at the time of each season. Volunteer coaches are encouraged to run team practices as well. Shots are available in a variety of places click here for a list , including a free clinic at St.
To select specific calendars to display, click the blue calendar icon on the right. OLQP Sports. And again this year we will be participating in the Columbus League, which is a track league in Montgomery County for Parish schools.
And thank you especially for helping us change the community around us - one young person at a time!
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